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The Development of loneliness through adolescence and young adulthood: Its nature, correlates, and midlife outcomes

Von Soest, Tilmann; Luhmann, Maike; Gerstorf, Denis
Journal article, Peer reviewed
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URI
https://hdl.handle.net/10642/9087
Date
2020
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  • SVA - Norwegian Social Research (NOVA) [489]
Original version
Von Soest, Luhmann, Gerstorf. The Development of loneliness through adolescence and young adulthood: Its nature, correlates, and midlife outcomes. Developmental Psychology. 2020   https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0001102
Abstract
Adolescence and young adulthood are characterized by substantial sociodemographic, family,

social, and personality changes that may influence loneliness. Although loneliness is a public

health challenge, we know little about how loneliness develops during these periods. Our study

addresses this lacuna by using four-wave longitudinal data from 3,116 Norwegians aged 13 to 31

years, making use of questionnaire (key facets and correlates of loneliness) and register linkage

information (midlife outcomes). Analyses revealed that when asking directly about feeling lonely

and for emotional facets, loneliness increased from early adolescence to age mid-20s, whereas

social facets of loneliness declined gradually and plateaued when people had reached their mid

20s. Several predictors operated consistently across loneliness facets, whereas others operated in

facet-specific ways. To illustrate, perceiving one’s parents as caring, having close friends, not

leaving the parental home before age 18, and reporting more agency were each associated with

less loneliness across assessment modes. In contrast, when asked directly, women reported more

loneliness than men at all ages, whereas men reported more social loneliness. Finally,

adolescents and young adults who reported feeling lonely and/or increased in loneliness were

consistently at higher risk for disability and lower income in midlife, whereas other important

midlife outcomes including education, labor market inclusion, and prescriptions of

antidepressants exhibited facet-specific associations. Our study is the first to provide a

comprehensive picture of loneliness development throughout the second and third decade of life

and highlights the multidimensionality and multidirectionality of loneliness trajectories and

correlates across adolescence and early adulthood.
Publisher
American Psychological Association
Series
Developmental Psychology;2020, Volume 56, Issue 10 (Oct)
Journal
Developmental Psychology

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