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dc.contributor.authorMiller, V.
dc.contributor.authorReedy, J
dc.contributor.authorCudhea, F
dc.contributor.authorZhang, J
dc.contributor.authorShi, P
dc.contributor.authorErndt-Marino, J
dc.contributor.authorCoates, J
dc.contributor.authorMicha, R
dc.contributor.authorWebb, P
dc.contributor.authorMozaffarian, D
dc.contributor.authorHenjum, Sigrun
dc.contributor.authorStrand, Tor Arne
dc.contributor.authorAbbott, P.
dc.contributor.authorAbdollahi, M.
dc.contributor.authorAbedi, P.
dc.contributor.authorAbumweis, S.
dc.contributor.authorAdair, L.
dc.contributor.authorNg, SA.
dc.contributor.authorAl Nsour, Mohannad
dc.contributor.authorAlam, Iftikhar
dc.contributor.authorAl-Daghri, Nasser
dc.contributor.authorAl-Hamad, Nawal
dc.contributor.authorAl-Hooti, Suad
dc.contributor.authorAlissa, Eman
dc.contributor.authorAl-Zenki, Sameer
dc.contributor.authorAnderson, Simon
dc.contributor.authorAnzid, Karim
dc.contributor.authorArambepola, C
dc.contributor.authorArici, Mustafa
dc.contributor.authorArsenault, J
dc.contributor.authorAsciak, R
dc.contributor.authorBiro, Lajos
dc.contributor.authorBarengo, Noël C.
dc.contributor.authorBarquera, Simon
dc.contributor.authorBas, M
dc.contributor.authorBecker, Wulf
dc.contributor.authorBeer-Borst;, S
dc.contributor.authorBergman, Per
dc.contributor.authorBoindala, S
dc.contributor.authorBovet, Pascal
dc.contributor.authorBradshaw, Debbie
dc.contributor.authorBukhary, N
dc.contributor.authorBundhamcharoen, Kanitta
dc.contributor.authorCaballero, M
dc.contributor.authorCalleja, Neville
dc.contributor.authorCao, X
dc.contributor.authorCapanzana, M
dc.contributor.authorCarmikle, J
dc.contributor.authorCastetbon, Katia
dc.contributor.authorCastro, M
dc.date.accessioned2023-02-13T10:45:10Z
dc.date.available2023-02-13T10:45:10Z
dc.date.created2023-01-06T09:57:34Z
dc.date.issued2022-03-09
dc.identifier.citationThe Lancet Planetary Health. 2022, 6 (3), e243-e256.en_US
dc.identifier.issn2542-5196
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/3050345
dc.description.abstractBackground: Diet is a major modifiable risk factor for human health and overall consumption patterns affect planetary health. We aimed to quantify global, regional, and national consumption levels of animal-source foods (ASF) to inform intervention, surveillance, and policy priorities. Methods: Individual-level dietary surveys across 185 countries conducted between 1990 and 2018 were identified, obtained, standardised, and assessed among children and adults, jointly stratified by age, sex, education level, and rural versus urban residence. We included 499 discrete surveys (91·2% nationally or subnationally representative) with data for ASF (unprocessed red meat, processed meat, eggs, seafood, milk, cheese, and yoghurt), comprising 3·8 million individuals from 134 countries representing 95·2% of the world population in 2018. We used Bayesian hierarchical models to account for differences in survey methods and representativeness, time trends, and input data and modelling uncertainty, with five-fold cross-validation. Findings: In 2018, mean global intake per person of unprocessed red meat was 51 g/day (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 48–54; region-specific range 7–114 g/day); 17 countries (23·9% of the world’s population) had mean intakes of at least one serving (100 g) per day. Global mean intake of processed meat was 17 g/day (95% UI 15–21 g/day; region-specific range 3–54 g/day); seafood, 28 g/day (27–30 g/day; 12–44 g/day); eggs, 21 g/day (18–24 g/day; 6–35 g/day); milk 88 g/day (84–93 g/day; 45–185 g/day); cheese, 8 g/day (8–10 g/day; 1–34 g/day); and yoghurt, 20 g/day (17–23 g/day; 7–84 g/day). Mean national intakes were at least one serving per day for processed meat (≥50 g/day) in countries representing 6·9% of the global population; for cheese (≥42 g/day) in 2·3%; for eggs (≥55 g/day) in 0·7%; for milk (≥245 g/day) in 0·3%; for seafood (≥100 g/day) in 0·8%; and for yoghurt (≥245 g/day) in less than 0·1%. Among the 25 most populous countries in 2018, total ASF intake was highest in Russia (5·8 servings per day), Germany (3·8 servings per day), and the UK (3·7 servings per day), and lowest in Tanzania (0·9 servings per day) and India (0·7 servings per day). Global and regional intakes of ASF were generally similar by sex. Compared with children, adults generally consumed more unprocessed red meat, seafood and cheese, and less milk; energy-adjusted intakes of other ASF were more similar. Globally, ASF intakes (servings per week) were higher among more-educated versus less-educated adults, with greatest global differences for milk (0·79), eggs (0·47), unprocessed red meat (0·42), cheese (0·28), seafood (0·28), yoghurt (0·22), and processed meat (0·21). This was also true for urban compared to rural areas, with largest global differences (servings per week) for unprocessed red meat (0·47), milk (0·38), and eggs (0·20). Between 1990 and 2018, global intakes (servings per week) increased for unprocessed red meat (1·20), eggs (1·18), milk (0·63), processed meat (0·50), seafood (0·44), and cheese (0·14). Interpretation: Our estimates of ASF consumption identify populations with both lower and higher than optimal intakes. These estimates can inform the targeting of intervention, surveillance, and policy priorities relevant to both human and planetary health.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.relation.ispartofseriesThe Lancet Planetary Health;Volume 6, Issue 3
dc.rightsNavngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no*
dc.subjectAnimal-source foodsen_US
dc.subjectDietary intakesen_US
dc.subjectDietary surveysen_US
dc.subjectEnvironmental sustainabilityen_US
dc.subjectHuman healthen_US
dc.titleGlobal, regional, and national consumption of animal-source foods between 1990 and 2018: findings from the Global Dietary Database.en_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holder© 2022 The Author(s)en_US
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextoriginal
cristin.qualitycode1
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00352-1
dc.identifier.cristin2101788
dc.source.journalThe Lancet Planetary Healthen_US
dc.source.volume6en_US
dc.source.issue3en_US
dc.source.pagenumbere243-e256en_US


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