The association of birthweight with age at natural menopause: a population study of women in Norway

Abstract

Background: Previous studies suggest that birthweight may influence age at natural menopause, but the evidence remains inconclusive. Thus, we aimed to estimate the association of birthweight with age at natural menopause. Methods: A retrospective population study of 164 608 women in Norway, aged 48–71years. Data were obtained by two self-administered questionnaires among participants in BreastScreen Norway during 2006–2014. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate hazard ratios and logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios of menopause according to birthweight. Restricted cubic splines were applied to allow for possible non-linear associations, and adjustments were made for year and country of birth. Results: Women with birthweight <2500g were median 51years at menopause (interquartile range 49–54years), whereas women with birthweight 3500–3999g were median 52years at menopause (interquartile range 49–54years). The hazard ratio of menopause decreased with increasing birthweight up until 3500g. At birthweights >3500g, we estimated no further decrease (P for non-linearity ¼ 0.007). Birthweight at 2500g increased the odds ratios of menopause before the age of 45 [1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14–1.25] and the age of 40 (1.26; 95% CI: 1.15–1.38) compared with birthweight at 3500g. At birthweights 4000g and 4500g, the odds ratio estimates were very similar to the reference group and the CIs overlapped 1.00. Conclusions: We found a non-linear dose-relationship of birthweight with age at natural menopause, and low birthweight was associated with early natural menopause.