We examine potential causal relations between ecosystem variables in four regions of the Gulf of Maine under two major assumptions: (i) a causal cyclic variable will precede, or lead, its effect variable; e.g., a peak ...

I show that the relation between annual average phytoplankton concentration (as mg Chl-a.m-3) and in situ sea surface temperature, SST, is positive (Chl-a â 0.5 Ã SST, r = 0.8, p < 0.001) at an average temperature of ...

We explore a new method for identifying leaders and followers, LF, in repeated games by analyzing an experimental, repeated (50 rounds) game where Row player shifts the payoff between small and large values – a type of ...